Closing the Cell-to-Module Efficiency Gap: A Fully Laser Scribed Perovskite Minimodule With 16% Steady-State Aperture Area Efficiency

Organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells show increasing power conversion efficiencies, approaching the values of silicon-based devices. To date, however, most of the reported record efficiencies for perovskite solar devices are obtained on single cells with active areas significantly below 1 cm
²
. Hence, demonstrating highly efficient devices with an upscaled active area is one of the key challenges faced by this technology. Here, we demonstrate the successful use of thin-film laser patterning techniques to produce 14 cm
²
modules with steady-state aperture area efficiencies as high as 16% and a geometrical fill factor of 92%.