Electric vehicle charging and discharging scheduling considering reserve call-up service

In this paper, an Electric Vehicle (EV) aggregator scheduling strategy is proposed for revenue maximization both in Day-Ahead (DA) and Real-Time (RT) markets. EV aggregator participates in energy and reserve markets to maximize revenue by coordinating charging and discharging operations of EVs based on real-time price and reserve prices. Firstly, the economic benefits of each EV owner are considered in aggregator scheduling, i.e. to take owners economic benefits into account. Secondly, the reserve call-up service is regarded as an interrupt for aggregator scheduling in RT market. Case study shows the impact of call-for-reserve from power grids on aggregator revenue. The potential reserve call-up service issue (revenue loss due to stochastic reserve call-up) is presented and two business models for aggregator in reserve market are proposed to solve the reserve call-up service issue. It is found that the reserve callup service information availability in the real-time market plays an important role for EV aggregator and the common one-price- one-penalty model may not suffice for the practical scheduling of EV aggregators due to the revenue loss caused by the stochastic call-up service.