Vehicle-to-grid system used to regulate the frequency of a microgrid

Electric cars in the worldwide vehicle stock have reached sizeable growth since 2010. Besides proven benefits to the sustainable development and wheel-to-wheel efficiency, electric cars can provide side benefits to car owners and to power system utility. Plug-in vehicles can behave either as loads or as a distributed energy and power resource in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G). This paper reviews the main grid services that can be provided by the V2G technology. V2G system used to regulate the frequency of a microgrid has been analyzed. The analyzed microgrid is comprised of base power generation, a mixture of renewable energy sources, load and an EV aggregator. Different possible scenarios are taken account, for different shadings of renewable energy production in the grid, different sizes of residential load and different number of EVs. The results show that V2G concept can provide efficient primary frequency regulation in islanded operation of a microgrid with lower spinning reserve.