Snowpack Density Retrieval Using Fully Polarimetric TerraSAR-X Data in the Himalayas

This paper focuses on the development of a novel algorithm for deriving snowpack density over the snow-covered region of the Himalayas. The analysis utilizes fully polarimetric TerraSAR-X synthetic aperture radar data sets, field observations, and other ancillary information for the retrieval of snowpack density. The algorithm involves the development of a new generalized hybrid decomposition model. The generalized volume scattering parameter from the decomposition model is inverted for snow density estimation. A few field data measurements' campaigns were carried out, within near-real time of satellite passing over the area, to collect various parameters such as temperature, water content, and the density of the snowpack at varying depths. These field observations are further used for validation of the results obtained from the inversion algorithm. It is also found that the model-estimated snowpack density is highly congruent with the field-measured snowpack density. The mean absolute error of snowpack density, root-mean-square error, and index of agreement are found to be 9.9 kg/m
³
, 10 kg/m
³
, and 0.96, respectively, which are well within the acceptable range.