Fully packaged video-rate confocal laser scanning endomicroscope using Lissajous fiber scanner

This paper reports a fully packaged confocal endomicroscope high resolution and high frame-rate (HRHF) Lissajous fiber scanning. The confocal endomicroscope features a resonant scanning fiber with ~1kHz actuated by a piezoelectric tube (PZT). The Lissajous scanning with high resolution and high frame rate has been successfully achieved by using the selection rule of scanning frequency, i.e., strong correlation between the total lobe number of Lissajous images and the greatest common divisor (GCD) between two scanning frequencies. Our main results clearly demonstrate exceptional fill factor of 85 % at 10 Hz in frame rate. Besides, this fully packaged endomicroscopic catheter was further combined with a portable confocal microscopic system to obtain video-rate 2D reflectance as well as in-vivo mouse vascular imaging.