Energy hole avoidance based routing for underwater WSNs

Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) arouse as a better alternative of underwater wired instruments for data gathering. Acoustic signals offer low bandwidth and UWSNs faces low reliability, high delay and high energy consumption issues. Moreover, energy holes creation decreases network performance in terms of energy and throughput. The design of routing protocols which considers these challenges can improve data gathering. In this paper, we propose forward layered multipath power control-one (FLMPC-One) and FLMPC-Two routing protocols to reduce energy utilization, achieve reliability and elude energy holes. Both FLMPC-One and FLMPC-Two are multicast routing protocols. In order to achieve reliability, both schemes direct multiple copies towards surface through different paths which posses low noises by establishing binary tree. Mostly, current forwarder takes decision of next forwarder selection and gets deceived by energy holes. Therefore, FLMPC-One and FLMPC-Two makes decision by including two and three hops neighbors, respectively to detect and elude energy hole. In this way, they conserve energy and reduce delay introduced by retransmission.