The excess attenuation of propagating wave in the presence of human crowds

We present a formula that can approximate the excess attenuation of electric field of electromagnetic wave propagating in the presence of human crowds. The formula is tested on results obtained from full-wave simulations of 2D and 3D stochastic models of human crowds. The electric field is either vertically or horizontally polarized at frequencies 900 MHz and 1800 MHz. We use two stage nonlinear optimizations to find the parameters of the formula.