How do we fix the network model when it doesn't match reality?

The paper identifies real world issues where the engineering calculations used to compute the variables that go into a power system network model can fall short of reality. This not only impacts the viability of the simulation tool used, but worse the accuracy of the data it provides to configure and set today's modern IED protection relays. The faulty result is often hidden until a fault of circumstance occurs to reveal the issue. But what data of the model needs correction? The core issue is that modern power systems evolve over time, as does the world around it. Infrastructure expansion of all industries affect the power system's physical properties (ground impedance, mutual coupling, switched configurations, CT/VT performance, etc...) and this in turn directly impacts the variables and parameters we use to model it. This has become critical today where correct modeling data plays a key role in the IED settings, the way we test and commission them, and especially their operational performance and security. The paper uses several real world test cases to illustrate where engineering data becomes faulty at inception or over time and that actual measurements of systems parameters are required to correct that data. Proving the new data as accurate requires a fast and flexible power system simulator where before and after performance of the IED setting changes can be proven to show correct secure protection actions. The paper explains the techniques, tools, and process used to correct the modeling data and ensure modeling accuracy.