Modeling and Characterization of Downwind Tower Shadow Effects Using a Wind Turbine Emulator

This paper presents the modeling and characterization of the tower shadow effects using a wind turbine emulator in a laboratory environment. In particular, the downwind wind turbines are considered here as their tower shadow effects are more significant compared to the upwind counterpart. Simulation and experimental results have shown that the wind speed deficit due to this nonideal effect is significant. In addition, the tower shadow effects occur typically two to three times per revolution, depending on the number of blades. The modeling of the tower shadow profiles for tubular and four-leg tower configurations is presented. Typically, these towers are used in small wind turbine applications. The tower shadow profiles are emulated experimentally using a wind turbine emulator with its characteristics being explained. The limitations of emulating the tower shadow effects using a wind turbine emulator are demonstrated through the frequency response test performed in this study. In this study, the wind turbine emulator is connected to an isolated grid which is formed by three single-phase inverters. Finally, this paper concludes with a sensitivity analysis of the power oscillations for different widths and magnitudes of the tower shadow profile.