6.1 A 56Gb/s PAM-4/NRZ transceiver in 40nm CMOS

Ultra-high speed data links such as 400GbE continuously push transceivers to achieve better performance and lower power consumption. This paper presents a highly parallelized TRX at 56Gb/s with integrated serializer/deserializer, FFE/CTLE/DFE, CDR, and eye-monitoring circuits. It achieves BER<;10
^-12
under 24dB loss at 14GHz while dissipating 602mW of power.