The Emergence of Scaling Law, Fractal Patterns and Small-World in Wireless Networks

In conventional cellular networks, for base stations (BSs) that are deployed far away from each other, it is general to assume them to be mutually independent. Nevertheless, after long-term evolution of cellular networks in various generations, this assumption no longer holds. Instead, the BSs, which seem to be gradually deployed by operators in a service-oriented manner, have embedded many fundamentally distinctive features in their locations, coverage, and traffic loading. These features can be leveraged to analyze the intrinstic pattern in BSs and even human community. In this paper, according to large-scale measurement datasets, we build up a correlation model of BSs by utilizing one of the most important features, i.e., spatial traffic. Coupling with the theory of complex networks, we make further analysis on the structure and characteristics of this traffic load correlation model. Numerical results show that the degree distribution follows scale-free property. Also, the datasets unveil the characteristics of fractality and small-world. Furthermore, we apply collective influence algorithm to localize the influential base stations and demonstrate that some low-degree BSs may outrank BSs with larger degree.