Practical considerations for interfacing operational amplifiers with analog to digital converters in microcontrollers

Operational amplifiers have been used for interfacing analog signals to microcontrollers units. Due to its random nature, analog signals vary very much, perhaps then exceed the voltage ranges of operation. Chip manufacturers protect their chips by using diode circuits, but those diodes are not intended to normal use. To overcome the signals which may exceed the limit, clamping circuit have been used in this research. The best solution was achieved using a multiplexing circuit implemented using simple switches.