A primer for hybrid modeling and simulation

In dealing with complex systems, there is no single “best” possible modeling approach, as each specific system and modeling purpose has subtleties and specific needs. Consequently, in developing models that capture the complexity of real systems, it is useful to combine modeling approaches yielding what is referred to as a hybrid modeling approach. By combining different modeling paradigms, hybrid modeling and simulation provide a more comprehensive and holistic view of the system under investigation and a very powerful approach to understanding complexity. This paper discusses the uses and applications of hybrid modeling, general lessons related to how and when to use such an approach, and relevant tools.