Forensically-Sound Analysis of Security Risks of Using Local Password Managers

Password managers address the usability challenge of authentication, i.e., to manage the effort in creating, memorising, and entering complex passwords for an end-user. Offering features such as creating strong passwords, managing increasing number of complex passwords, and auto-filling of passwords for variable contexts, their security is as critical as the assets being protected by the passwords. Previous security risk analyses have focused primarily on cloud- and browser-based password managers, whilst the security risks of local password managers were left under-explored. Taking a systematic forensic analysis approach, this paper reports on a case study of three popular local password managers: KeePass (v2.28), Password Safe (v3.35.1) and RoboForm (v7.9.12). It revealed risks that either the master password or the content of the password database could be found unencrypted in Temp folders, Page files or Recycle bin, even after applications had been closed. As a consequence, an attacker or a malware with access to the computer on which the password managers were running may be able to steal sensitive information, even though these password managers are meant to keep the databases encrypted and protected at all times. These findings point to directions to mitigate the identified risks.