Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: Potentials and Challenges of an Emerging Storage Technology

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) systems complemented with dedicated power electronic interfaces are a promising technology for storing energy in smart-grid applications in which the intermittent power produced by renewable sources must face the dynamics of requests and economical parameters. In this article, we review the vanadium-based technology for redox flow batteries (RFBs) and highlight its strengths and weaknesses, outlining the research that aims to make it a commercial success.