Simulation and measurement of through-the-earth (TTE), extremely low-frequency signals using copper-clad, steel ground rods

The underground mining environment can greatly affect radio signal propagation. Understanding how the earth affects signal propagation is a key to evaluating communications systems used during a mine emergency. One type of communication system is through the earth (TTE) that can utilize extremely low frequencies (ELF). This paper presents the simulation and measurement results of recent National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) research aimed at investigating current injection at ELF , and in particular ground contact impedance. Measurements were taken at a surface testing location, outside. The results obtained from modeling and measurement are characterized by electrode impedance and the voltage received between two distant electrodes. The paper concludes with a discussion of design considerations found to affect low-frequency communication systems utilizing ground rods to inject a current into the earth.