SNEM: Full S-parameter synthesis from near-end measurement

A novel method called SNEM (full S-parameter synthesis from near-end measurement) is proposed to obtain the full S-parameter matrix by probing only a subset of all the ports of a passive linear network. Other ports that are not probed need to be terminated by various impedance values. A termination error correction algorithm and a guideline for choosing termination impedance values have also been developed to make the method robust, accurate, and efficient. Examples are included in this paper to demonstrate the applications of the SNEM method in integrated circuit (IC) package, on-die structure, and socket/connector characterizations. The method has been validated by both simulations and lab correlation.