Voltage Loss Analysis for Bifacial Silicon Solar Cells: Case for Two-Dimensional Large-Area Modeling

While it is relatively easy to analyze the optical and recombination losses contributing to a solar cell's short-circuit current, there are many nuanced effects that lead to the solar cell's voltage at the maximum power point and at open circuit. This paper analyzes the impact of some commonly considered factors, such as series resistance, as well as some hard-to-discern factors, like localized recombination at the wafer periphery and metal busbars, on the solar cell's open-circuit voltage, maximum power point, and fill factor. A series of samples related to an n-type bifacial solar cell are chosen as an example.