Study of the OP-PTB link by carrier-phase two-way satellite time and frequency transfer

This paper describes the carrier-phase two-way satellite time and frequency transfer experiment performed between the metrology institutes PTB (Braunschweig) and LNE-SYRTE/OP (Paris) using ground stations equipped with dedicated modem equipment developed by NICT. The frequency instability of the PTB-OP link reached 4×10
⁻¹⁶
at 1 day, a performance of about one order of magnitude better than that obtained by the code-phase two-way satellite method.