Organic skin patch with built-in enzymatic battery

We have achieved development of a completely organic, totally disposable iontophoresis patch with a built-in enzymatic biofuel cells (BFCs) that utilizes enzymes as electrocatalysts, which can work under mild conditions, i.e., body temperature and at approximately neutral pH. We used fructose as the fuel because the enzyme for oxidation of fructose (fructose dehydrogenese, FDH) can work without the presence of electron mediators for electrocatalysis, resulting in a simple configuration of the patch. The patch, when mounted on the skin, generates a transdermal ionic current with the osmotic flow from anode to cathode, thereby administrating the chemical into the skin.