Control of Cascaded DC–DC Converter-Based Hybrid Battery Energy Storage Systems—Part I: Stability Issue

There is an emerging application, which uses a mixture of batteries within an energy storage system. These hybrid battery solutions may contain different battery types. A dc-side cascaded boost converters along with a module-based distributed power sharing strategy has been proposed to cope with variations in battery parameters such as, state-of-charge (SOC) and/or capacity. This power sharing strategy distributes the total power among the different battery modules according to these battery parameters. Each module controller consists of an outer voltage-loop with an inner current-loop where the desired control reference for each control-loop needs to be dynamically varied according to battery parameters to undertake this sharing. As a result, the designed control bandwidth (BW) or stability margin of each module control-loop may vary in a wide range, which can cause a stability problem within the cascaded converter. This paper reports such a unique issue and thoroughly investigates the stability of the modular converter under the distributed sharing scheme. The paper shows that a cascaded PI control-loop approach cannot guarantee the system stability throughout the operating conditions. A detailed analysis of the stability issue and the limitations of the conventional approach are highlighted. Finally in-depth experimental results are presented to prove the stability issue using a modular hybrid battery energy storage system prototype under various operating conditions.