Mercury: Industrial IBC cell with front floating emitter for 20.9% and higher efficiency

In this paper break-through results on our 6" industrial Mercury cells are presented. We gained more than 1% absolute in efficiency by optimizing the processes and design of the cells, resulting in 20.9% cell efficiency. We used standard industrial equipment and the number of process steps similar to our commercial n-Pasha technology. The screen-printed IBC cells can be interconnected by our proven industrial foil-based interconnection scheme. Together with this result, we present a method to characterize and quantify the pn-junction recombination contribution to V
_oc
and pseudo-FF losses in the cell. Finally, our roadmap to 23% Mercury cells is presented.