Hardware-in-the-loop simulations and control design for a small vertical axis wind turbine

Control design plays an important role in wind energy conversion systems in achieving high efficiency and performance. In this study, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations are carried out to design a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for small vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs). Wind torque is calculated and applied to an electrical motor that drives the generator in the HIL simulator, which mimics the dynamics of the rotor. To deal with disturbance torques in the HIL system, a virtual plant is introduced to obtain an error between the speeds in the HIL system and virtual plant. This error is used by a proportional-integral (PI) controller to generate a disturbance torque compensation signal. The MPPT algorithm is tested in the HIL simulator under various wind conditions, and the results are compared with numerical simulations. The HIL simulator successfully mimics the dynamics of the VAWT under various wind conditions and provides a realistic framework for control designs.