Impacts of participating in different demand response programs on operational behavior of plug-in electric vehicle parking lots

With increasing environmental concerns, the electrification of transportation plays an outstanding role in the sustainable development. In this context, plug-in electric vehicle and demand response have indispensable impacts on future smart grid. Since integration of electric vehicles into the grid is a key element to achieve sustainable energy systems, this paper studies the behavior of plug-in electric vehicle parking lots in the electricity markets. Participation of these new market players, as responsive demands, is modeled in both price-based and incentive-based demand response programs. Moreover, impacts of different demand response programs on optimal operational behavior of the parking lots are investigated. In addition to uncertainties of activated reserve, uncertainties of electric vehicle class, arrival and departure times, and initial battery state-of-charge are also considered. Stochastic programming is used to address the mentioned uncertainties. Numerical studies indicate that the participation of parking lots in different demand response programs can increase their profit.