How to eliminate shadow fading in a cellular wireless system

In this paper, we show how to eliminate shadow fading in cellular wireless system and discuss the main reason for such a phenomenon. One can deploy the transmitting antenna closer to the ground. In that case, the region of the variation in the field strength (shadow fading region) would be quite small and the field strength will decay monotonically inside the remainder of the cell area. We can improve the performance even more by titling the antenna up toward the sky to keep the slope of decay close to the free space case, i.e. -20 dB/decade, instead of -30 dB/decade or -40 dB/decade in the case of vertically oriented half-wave dipole. We used a simulation tool called AWAS to simulate an antenna radiating over an imperfect ground. This code uses Green's function based on Sommerfeld's formulation.