Cost-effective camera based ground truth for indoor localization

One of the key requirements for the evaluation of indoor localization systems is an accurate and reliable ground truth. Existing ground truth systems are often expensive due to high hardware cost and complex deployment. In this work, we present a simple yet highly accurate approach for a cost-effective ground truth system based on off-the-shelf infrastructure cameras and printable markers. We developed a marker detection algorithm and systematic 3-layer projection approach between multiple coordinate systems which achieves a median accuracy of 0.48cm, 0.05 degrees and a minimum accuracy of 0.75cm, 0.27 degrees for 2D position and orientation.