Towards standardized Vehicle Grid Integration: Current status, challenges, and next steps

This paper studies what are needed to enable the standardization of Vehicle Grid Integration (VGI). The requirements of interoperable VGI are examined at multiple interoperability layers defined by reference architecture models, including European Commission's Mandate 490 (EU-M490), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Smart Grid Architectural Methodology (SGAM), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 2030 Smart Grid Interoperability Reference Model (SGIRM). The current status of standards and technology development is reviewed and VGI demonstrations are discussed. The paper identifies barriers for the implementation of an interoperable VGI and provides recommendations to address these challenges.