S2eteS: An End-to-End Modeling Tool for the Simulation of Sentinel-2 Image Products

In the upcoming years, many new remote sensing sensors will start operating in space. Sentinel-2 is certainly one of the most outstanding systems that will deliver a flood of detailed and continuous data from the Earth's surface during the next years. However, the heterogeneity of remote sensing data recorded using different sensors demands prelaunch activities to develop the synergies for efficient multisensor data analysis. In this context, accurate sensor simulations are a valuable tool that enables a meaningful intersensor comparison. This paper addresses the simulation of the future Sentinel-2 data and products. The presented Sentinel-2 end-to-end simulation (S2eteS) software models Sentinel-2 data acquisition, sensor calibration, and data preprocessing, which are strongly oriented on the real system. Several tests were performed to prove the software capability to generate accurate Sentinel-2 products, with regard to the quality of the radiance and reflectance products. As an example for a large variety of possible applications, the effects of unknown spectral band shifts, sensor noise, and radiometric accuracy on the accuracy of different Sentinel-2 vegetation indexes (VIs) were investigated. The software also holds the possibility to simulate other similar multispectral sensors because of its generic design.