Logic emulation in the megaLUT era — Moore's Law beats Rent's Rule

Throughout its twenty-five year history, logic emulation architectures have been governed by Rent's Rule. This empirical observation, first used to build 1960s mainframes, predicts the average number of cut nets that result when a digital module is arbitrarily partitioned into multiple parts, such as the FPGAs of a logic emulator. A fundamental advantage of emulation is that, unlike most devices, FPGAs always grow in capacity according to Moore's Law, just as the designs to be emulated have grown. Unfortunately packaging technology advances at a far slower pace, leaving emulators short on the pins demanded by Rent's Rule. Many cut nets are now sent through each package pin, which costs speed, power and area. At today's system-on-chip level of design, the number of system-level modules is growing, while their sizes are remaining constant. In the meantime, FPGAs have grown from a handful of logic lookup tables (LUTs) at the beginning to over a million LUTs today. At this scale, an entire system-level module such as an advanced 64-bit CPU can fit inside a single FPGA. Fewer module-internal nets need be cut, so Rent's Rule constraints are relaxing. Fewer and higher-level cut nets means logic emulation with megaLUT FPGAs is becoming faster, cooler, smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. FPGA's Moore's Law scaling is escaping from Rent's Rule.