Micro- and millimetre wave measurements of nanolitre biological liquids by dielectric resonators

A variety of dielectric resonator techniques from low GHz frequencies towards 100 GHz has been investigated with respect to their suitability for highly accurate dielectric measurements on liquids within microfluidic systems. Whispering gallery type dielectric resonators have been employed for frequencies from 10 to 40 GHz and 2D photonic crystal slab defect resonators for 100 GHz and beyond. Experiments on organic aqueous solutions and cell suspension were analyzed in terms of their potential for label-free biosensor applications.