Calibration of the Mercury Laser Altimeter on the MESSENGER Spacecraft

This paper gives a detailed description of the prelaunch and in-orbit calibrations of the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission, which was launched on August 3, 2004 and has been operating in orbit about Mercury since March 2011. A brief summary of the MLA instrument is given, followed by the instrument measurement model and calibration formulas. The prelaunch tests used to determine the values of various calibration coefficients are described. The boresight alignment parameters were verified and recalibrated by special tests, with the MESSENGER spacecraft en route to Mercury. The MLA instrument model and the calibration methods were largely derived from airborne and spaceborne lidar for Earth science observation at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and will benefit future space lidar developments for Earth and space science.