Brief historical review and bibliography for Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI)

In the late 1990s, concerns were raised that the advancement of solid state high power electromagnetic sources and more advanced antennas systems could allow terrorists, criminals and hackers to interfere with the operation of modern electronic systems. In particular there was great concern that the critical infrastructures (e.g. power, telecommunications, transportation, etc.) could be disrupted using new technologies. Scientists and engineers throughout the world began to evaluate potential threats and their ability to create upset and damage; this field of study was initially known as EM Terrorism, but was changed to the more encompassing term of Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI). This paper reviews the early history of this field and provides a bibliography of important papers covering the overall threat, the development of potential weapons, the susceptibility of equipment and systems, protection methods and standardization.