LGT alternative quartz materials for ultra-stable oscillators

This paper deals with the main results about LGT crystals and, as far as possible, indicates the comparative aspects with the quartz crystal. We present also the manufacturing process and their differences with a quartz resonator. The passive noise analyses and the drive level effect are presented in the paper as well as the g-sensitivity and the magnetic sensitivity of LGT oscillators. Example of sustaining electronics design is presented and discussed. Their simulations results are presented too. The thermal regulation design and performance are analyzed as well as noise and aging measurements of 10 MHz oscillators. Finally, the use of LGT crystals in frequency and time applications is discussed and some perspectives are presented as conclusions.