Electromagnetic solution for scattering from 2D rough surfaces through general solutions for 1D rough surfaces in short waves

The paper reports on the electromagnetic solution of scattering from 2D rough surfaces in short waves using boundary integral equations for conical diffraction and Monte Carlo simulations. The general equivalence rule for determination of the efficiencies of reflected orders of bi-gratings from those calculated for classical gratings is derived. The mean differential reflection coefficient of a rough mirror working at an x-ray wavelength under grazing incidence has been computed for the first time using the equivalence formulae.