Circuit tuning elements-less tuning space mapping optimization

Tuning space mapping (TSM) without circuit tuning elements (CTE) is proposed. A section of design interest in the electromagnetic (EM) model is replaced by `n' pieces cascaded EM-based unit cells (EUC). The tuning parameter of proposed TSM is the quantity of cascaded EUC instead of conventional CTE components (e.g., capacitors, inductors, or microstrip-line models). Finally the optimal quantity parameter is transferred to original design variables. The advantage of the proposed TSM is the needless of CTE components. The method is useful if no corresponding CTE components of structures available in the circuit simulators' libraries. Verification example, comparisons and discussions are also implemented.