Integrated and autonomous smart grid concept in practice — The Frankfurt experience with a focus on acitve voltage and load flow managment

The German "Energiewende" - Turnaround of energy strategy - gives renewable energy sources a prominent role in the future electricity generation in Germany. Thegovernment took the decision that 80% of the consumed electricity should be generated by renewable energy sources by 2050. Furthermore, the bulk of this electricity should be generated in Germany. It is important to note that renewable energy sources in this context mainly mean volatile generation based on wind and solar energy. This target goes far beyond the overall European intention to have a 40% share of volatile renewable energy sources in the generation portfolio by [2050] [1]. Renewable energy sources can be characterized as dispersed generation. However, these energy sources are not necessarily positioned close to loads. In addition the energy generation is volatile, more or less non-controllable and hardly predictable. Renewable energy sources are showing a high power in comparison with the generated electrical energy.