Volume integral equation methods in computational electromagnetics

This paper discusses numerical properties of volume integral equation formulations in electromagnetic scattering by isotropic, anisotropic and bi-anisotropic objects. The volume integral equation formulation written in terms of the volume current densities and discretized with element-wise defined discontinuous functions is found to lead to more robust and efficient solutions on a wide range of material parameters than the more conventional formulations based on the conforming discretizations.