Optimization of receiver arrangements for emitter location finding using time difference of arrival

In this study, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to the time difference of arrival (TDOA) method to determine the emitter location. In addition, receiver arrangements have been optimized to reduce the positioning error. Depending upon the position of the emitter, the receiver arrangements which move the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) to the lowest value is calculated by PSO.