On the DC characteristics of MOS differential stages

MOS differential stages, with different load structures, have been analyzed using a first order unified approach to obtain the dc transfer characteristics and the offset voltages. The anlaysis is based on obtaining two relationships; the relation between the input voltages and the load currents and the relation between the load currents and the output voltages. The analytically calculated results are compared with circuit simulations using SPICE 2 and measurements. The analysis of a bipolar differential stage is also given for comparison.