3D modeling in PCI Express Gen1 and Gen2 high-speed SI simulation

PCI Express (PCIe) interface is widely used in current computer systems. In this paper, two 3D FEM modeling methodologies are introduced for the interested complex connector structure in the frequency domain. The PCIe Gen1 and Gen2 compliance measurement shows good agreement between simulation and measurement in the time domain. The study shows that 3D modeling is very important for PCIe Gen1 and Gen2 SI simulations.