CRAVE: Cognitive radio enabled vehicular communications in heterogeneous networks

In this paper, we investigate CRAVE: Cognitive RAdio enabled VEhicular communication in heterogeneous wireless systems. Vehicular users are considered as unlicensed/secondary users and are capable of sensing, analyzing and accessing the spectrum opportunities dynamically. A three-state model is implemented for spectrum sensing where spectrum occupancy is categorized as idle, occupied by licensed users, or occupied by vehicular users. Simulation results show that the three-state model in CRAVE results in enhanced channel utilization with higher throughput and better transmission fairness for vehicular users.