Remote Sensing of Water Optical Property for China's Inland Lake Taihu Using the SWIR Atmospheric Correction With 1640 and 2130 nm Bands

Using the shortwave infrared (SWIR) atmospheric correction algorithm with 1640 and 2130 nm bands, water optical property data for China's inland freshwater Lake Taihu have been derived from measurements of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the satellite Aqua. Using MODIS-Aqua measurements from 2002 to 2010, seasonal and spatial distributions of the normalized water-leaving radiance nL
_w
(λ) spectra from visible to the near-infrared (NIR) and SWIR (1240 nm) are derived and used for study and characterization of Lake Taihu water optical properties. In particular, for the first time, spatial and seasonal variations of nL
_w
(λ) at the SWIR 1240 nm (nL
_w
(1240)) are derived for the lake and show some different features from those of the red and NIR nL
_w
(λ) (nL
_w
(645) and nL
_w
(859)). Time series of monthly MODIS-derived nL
_w
(λ) spectra for Lake Taihu are obtained and analyzed, showing important seasonal and interannual variations. The results indicate that the SWIR nL
_w
(1240) contributions in the lake are mainly due to the presence of significant amounts of algae, while the red and NIR nL
_w
(λ) variations result from changes of total suspended sediment (TSS) amounts in the water column. Furthermore, this study shows that all three SWIR bands at 1240, 1640, and 2130 nm are useful and required for satellite water quality remote sensing for extremely turbid near-shore and inland waters.