What went wrong I: The failure tracers: A review off how reliability experts and analysts probe for the primary cause off device and systems faults

In the early 1970s, the Lockheed Missile and Space Company rejected 68 000 of 106 000 integrated circuits delivered to it by vendors. Faults included surface defects, wire-bond failures, conductive foreign particles, and testing deficiencies. And earlier this year, the U.S. Navy experienced numerous failures of a computer system containing inoperative IC shift registers.