A 108–112 GHz 4×4 wafer-scale phased array transmitter with high-efficiency on-chip antennas

This paper presents the first 16-element wafer-scale phased array transmitter with scanning in both the E-and H-planes. The chip integrates a 108–112 GHz source, together with a 1∶16 distribution network, amplifiers, 2-bit phase shifters on each cell, and an on-chip high efficiency differential dipole antenna. Measured patterns show scanning to +/−30° in both planes, and agree well with simulations. The work can be extended to a large number of elements and leads the way to millimeter-wave wafer-scale phased-array integration.