Ubiquitous Navigation Based on Physical Maps and GPS

This work is an improvement of a navigating method which uses only a GPS receiver and a physical map photographed by the embedded camera on a smart phone to build up a ubiquitous navigation system. Instead of the ¡§Two Point Referencing¡¨ approach, a ¡§Three Point Referencing¡¨ method is proposed in this paper, which trades off the need of the ¡§extra¡¨ third reference point for the improvement of positional accuracy and the requirement of a north-up physical map. Thus it can apply to any physical maps, in particular, tourist maps in theme parks or cities which may not necessarily be north-up maps. Indeed, it is reported that the ¡§Two Point Referencing¡¨ scheme was feasible only to 81% of the maps they found.