Pitfalls in radiation modeling of Z-pinch plasmas

Over the last three decades there has been a quantum jump in the production of x-rays from pulsed power driven Z-pinch plasmas. Total radiative yields have gone from a few kilojoules to almost two megajoules. This increase occurred as a result of higher current drivers coupled with improvements in our understanding of the issues most relevant to good load design. Critical analyses of experimental data have led to a better understanding of the load dynamics, which includes all phases of load evolution extending from the cold start to the final collapsed phase and the emission of the x-ray pulse. A Z pinch is a deceptively simple device that has a very complex plasma dynamics. It can be a platform for demonstrating a variety of textbook plasma instabilities. However, its primary application in the present context is as an intense source of x-ray radiation. Therefore it is attractive both as a direct source of x-rays and for creating hohlraum conditions for plasma fusion experiments. After a few historical comments are offered on how radiation has been treated in modeling Z pinches, some of the methodologies and models that are employed in this endeavor are discussed. These include both nonLTE and LTE ionization dynamic models and escape probability radiation transport and LTE radiation diffusion models. To illustrate their use, comparisons are made between experimental data from a stainless steel wire array pinch implosion and 1-D MHD calculations that employ these models. The consequences that stem from the compromises and trade-offs that result from the different approximations used in these models are addressed. We will explore the role that radiation plays in the dynamic evolution of a Z-pinch and demonstrate the need for as near a self-consistent radiation-hydrodynamics treatment as possible.