Commonality in various design science methodologies

Based on reviewing foremost literature, the paper discusses various design science research methodologies along with their case studies. It concentrates on activities (tools, methods, actions) that are used while constructing an artefact. We have identified common activities occurring across `design' steps, which were not indicated in their methodologies. Combining them and drawing on that finding, we propose a concept of reference model, which gives more insights and additionally dissipates design science high level of abstraction.