Comparative study of university technology transfer between Germany and China

The rush to create top-tier institutions globally makes China and Germany strengthen a small group of world best universities, by programs of the Project 985 in China and the Excellence Initiative in Germany striving to realize national aims in both countries. Both Project 985 and Excellence Initiative emphasize research performance of elite universities. Comprehensive universities and technological universities dominate the programs in two nations. Excellent research and technology transfer are the common characteristics of German Excellence universities and Chinese Project 985 universities. Technology transfer becomes a significant aspect to fulfill this mission in the two nations. University technology transfer occurs in the frame of national R&D system. Universities are the primary parts of R&D system in both nations. As in China, universities, industries, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) constitute, playing unique roles, China's triple-innovation system. German R&D system consists of a broad variety of public and semi-public research institutions which complement and bridge R&D activities of industries and universities, with universities surrounded by a great number of institutions such as MPG (Max Planck Society), FhG (Fraunhofer Society), HGF (Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers), AiF (Federation of Industrial Research Associations), and WGL (Leibniz Science Associations).