Surface treatment of HV electrodes for superconducting cyclotron beam extraction

At the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud of Catania, a K=800 superconducting cyclotron is in operation since 1994. The accelerator beam extraction is accomplished using electrostatic deflectors constituted by HV electrodes generating electric fields to 140 kV/cm in 6 to 8 mm gaps. The electrostatic performance is strongly dependent on the presence of high magnetic fields (up to 5 T) and of high ion energy and intensity of heavy ion beams. The behavior of these systems is mainly determined by the field electron emission effects on the cathode surface, by electron focalization processes due to the magnetic field and by heating effects due to the ion beams. A detailed study of these effects is under development starting with point, the characterization of the electrode surface vs. the material used (Ti, Cu, stainless steel, etc.) and of the best mechanical and chemical treatment available, Moreover, we are studying the electrostatic performance by using titanium surfaces and nitriding over a wide temperature range (300 to 800/spl deg/C). Preliminary results concerning the use of thermal processed polished surfaces are presented and discussed.