Characterisation of optical waveguides in BGO crystals fabricated by N+ ion implantation

In this paper the authors describe the fabrication and characterisation of slab optical waveguides in eulytine BGO crystal obtained by N
⁺
high energy ion implantation. Utilising heavier ions for the implantation process has been proved to produce the same refractive index change at smaller doses than when light ions such as He
⁺
are used and therefore intended to assess the effects of N
⁺
ions implantation in order to demonstrate the feasibility of this process and optimise it with the future aim of developing waveguide based optical devices.